Physical geography自然地理学

1.  Water and carbon cycles水和碳循环

This section of our specification focuses on the major stores of water and carbon at or near the Earth’s surface and the dynamic cyclical relationships associated with them. These are major elements in the natural environment and understanding them is fundamental to many aspects of physical geography. 这一部分着重于地球表面或附近的水和碳的主要存储以及与之相关的动态周期性关系。这些是自然环境中的主要元素，对它们的理解是自然地理许多方面的基础。

2. Hot desert systems and landscapes炎热的沙漠系统和景观

This section of our specification focuses on drylands which occur at all latitudes and are characterised by limited soil moisture caused by low precipitation and high evaporation. The focus is on hot deserts and their margins, where the operation of characteristic aeolian and episodic fluvial processes with their distinctive landscape outcomes are readily observable. In common with water and carbon cycles, a systems approach to study is specified.这一部分着重于发生在所有纬度的旱地，其特征是低降水和高蒸发导致的土壤水分有限。重点放在炎热的沙漠及其边缘，在这里容易观察到典型的风沙流和间歇性河床过程及其独特的景观结果。与水循环和碳循环一样，需要指定一种系统的研究方法。

3. Coastal systems and landscapes沿海系统和景观

This section of our specification focuses on coastal zones, which are dynamic environments in which landscapes develop by the interaction of winds, waves, currents and terrestrial and marine sediments. The operation and outcomes of fundamental geomorphological processes and their association with distinctive landscapes are readily observable. In common with water and carbon cycles, a systems approach to study is specified.这一部分着重于沿海地区，沿海地区是动态环境，在这种环境中，风，浪，流，陆地和海洋沉积物之间的相互作用会产生景观。基本地貌过程的操作和结果以及它们与独特景观的关联都可以轻易观察到。与水循环和碳循环一样，需要指定一种系统的研究方法。

4. Glacial systems and landscapes冰川系统和景观

This section of our specification focuses on glaciated landscapes. These are dynamic environments in which landscapes continue to develop through contemporary processes but which mainly reflect former climatic conditions associated with the Pleistocene era. 这一部分重点介绍冰川景观。这些是动态环境，景观通过当代过程不断发展，但主要反映了与更新世有关的先前气候条件。

5. Hazards灾害

This optional section of our specification focuses on the lithosphere and the atmosphere, which intermittently but regularly present natural hazards to human populations, often in dramatic and sometimes catastrophic fashion.  此可选部分着眼于岩石圈和大气，它们间歇性地但经常以戏剧性的，有时甚至是灾难性的方式对人类造成自然危害。

6. Ecosystems under stress压力下的生态系统

This optional section of our specification focuses on the biosphere and in particular the nature and functioning of ecosystems and their relationships to the nature and intensity of human activities.

此可选部分重点关注生物圈，尤其是生态系统的性质和功能及其与人类活动的性质和强度的关系。

Human geography人文地理学

7. Global systems and global governance全球系统与全球治理

This section of our specification focuses on globalisation – the economic, political and social changes associated with technological and other driving forces which have been a key feature of global economy and society in recent decades.这一部分着重于全球化–与技术和其他驱动力相关的经济，政治和社会变革，这些变革已成为近几十年来全球经济和社会的主要特征。

8. Changing places变化的环境

This section of our specification focuses on people’s engagement with places, their experience of them and the qualities they ascribe to them, all of which are of fundamental importance in their lives. 这一部分着重于人们与场所的互动，他们对场所的体验以及他们赋予它们的品质，所有这些对于他们的生活至关重要

9. Contemporary urban environments当代城市环境

This optional section of our specification focuses on urban growth and change which are seemingly ubiquitous processes and present significant environmental and social challenges for human populations. 此可选部分重点关注城市增长和变化，这似乎是无处不在的过程，并给人类带来了重大的环境和社会挑战。

10. Population and the environment人口与环境

This optional section of our specification has been designed to explore the relationships between key aspects of physical geography and population numbers, population health and well-being, levels of economic development and the role and impact of the natural environment.这一可选部分旨在探讨自然地理学与人口数量，人口健康与福祉，经济发展水平以及自然环境的作用和影响之间的关系。

11. Resource security资源安全

This optional section of our specification focuses on the large-scale exploitation of unevenly distributed natural resources, which is one of the defining features of the present era. Increasing demand for water, energy and minerals and their critical role in human affairs leads to massive local and regional transfers of water and massive global transfers of energy and minerals.这个可选部分集中于对不均匀分布的自然资源的大规模开发，这是当前时代的主要特征之一。对水，能源和矿产的需求及其在人类事务中的关键作用的不断增长，导致了大规模的地方和区域性水转移以及大规模的能源和矿物质全球转移。